build: upgrade fmt and SDL2

Update fmt library to version 11.0.2 and make necessary adjustments:
- Replace fmt/format.h includes with fmt/ranges.h
- Add const qualifiers to formatter::format functions
- Update CMake to require fmt version 11

Additional dependency updates:
- Update SDL2 bundled version from 2.28.2 to 2.32.0
- Update catch2 to version 3.8.0
- Update vcpkg baseline to c82f74667287d3dc386bce81e44964370c91a289

src/video_core/texture_cache/formatter.h

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
-#include <fmt/format.h>
+#include <fmt/ranges.h>
 
 #include "video_core/surface.h"
 #include "video_core/texture_cache/types.h"
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 template <>
 struct fmt::formatter<VideoCore::Surface::PixelFormat> : fmt::formatter<fmt::string_view> {
     template <typename FormatContext>
-    auto format(VideoCore::Surface::PixelFormat format, FormatContext& ctx) {
+    auto format(VideoCore::Surface::PixelFormat format, FormatContext& ctx) const {
         using VideoCore::Surface::PixelFormat;
         const string_view name = [format] {
             switch (format) {
@@ -227,14 +227,14 @@ struct fmt::formatter<VideoCore::Surface::PixelFormat> : fmt::formatter<fmt::str
             }
             return "Invalid";
         }();
-        return formatter<string_view>::format(name, ctx);
+        return fmt::formatter<string_view>::format(name, ctx);
     }
 };
 
 template <>
 struct fmt::formatter<VideoCommon::ImageType> : fmt::formatter<fmt::string_view> {
     template <typename FormatContext>
-    auto format(VideoCommon::ImageType type, FormatContext& ctx) {
+    auto format(VideoCommon::ImageType type, FormatContext& ctx) const {
         const string_view name = [type] {
             using VideoCommon::ImageType;
             switch (type) {
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ struct fmt::formatter<VideoCommon::ImageType> : fmt::formatter<fmt::string_view>
             }
             return "Invalid";
         }();
-        return formatter<string_view>::format(name, ctx);
+        return fmt::formatter<string_view>::format(name, ctx);
     }
 };
 
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ struct fmt::formatter<VideoCommon::Extent3D> {
     }
 
     template <typename FormatContext>
-    auto format(const VideoCommon::Extent3D& extent, FormatContext& ctx) {
+    auto format(const VideoCommon::Extent3D& extent, FormatContext& ctx) const {
         return fmt::format_to(ctx.out(), "{{{}, {}, {}}}", extent.width, extent.height,
                               extent.depth);
     }

src/video_core/texture_cache/image_info.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
-#include <fmt/format.h>
+#include <fmt/ranges.h>
 
 #include "common/assert.h"
 #include "common/settings.h"