Merge branch 'gpu/dma-apple' into 'master'

Gpu: exclude RGBA16Float texture format for fast DMA copy on Apple silicon.

See merge request [ryubing/ryujinx!206](https://git.ryujinx.app/ryubing/ryujinx/-/merge_requests/206)

.gitignore

@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ DocProject/Help/html
 
 # Click-Once directory
 publish/
+RyubingMaintainerTools/
 
 # Publish Web Output
 *.Publish.xml

src/Ryujinx.Common/Memory/MemoryStreamManager.cs

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
     {
         private static readonly RecyclableMemoryStreamManager _shared = new();
 
+        private static readonly ObjectPool<RecyclableMemoryStream> _streamPool =
+            new(() => new RecyclableMemoryStream(_shared, Guid.NewGuid(), null, 0));
+
         /// <summary>
         /// We don't expose the <c>RecyclableMemoryStreamManager</c> directly because version 2.x
         /// returns them as <c>MemoryStream</c>. This Shared class is here to a) offer only the GetStream() versions we use
@@ -19,7 +22,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
             /// </summary>
             /// <returns>A <c>RecyclableMemoryStream</c></returns>
             public static RecyclableMemoryStream GetStream()
-                => new(_shared);
+            {
+                RecyclableMemoryStream stream = _streamPool.Allocate();
+                stream.SetLength(0);
+
+                return stream;
+            }
 
             /// <summary>
             /// Retrieve a new <c>MemoryStream</c> object with the contents copied from the provided
@@ -55,7 +63,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
                 RecyclableMemoryStream stream = null;
                 try
                 {
-                    stream = new RecyclableMemoryStream(_shared, id, tag, buffer.Length);
+                    stream = _streamPool.Allocate();
+                    stream.SetLength(0);
                     stream.Write(buffer);
                     stream.Position = 0;
                     return stream;
@@ -83,7 +92,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
                 RecyclableMemoryStream stream = null;
                 try
                 {
-                    stream = new RecyclableMemoryStream(_shared, id, tag, count);
+                    stream = _streamPool.Allocate();
+                    stream.SetLength(0);
                     stream.Write(buffer, offset, count);
                     stream.Position = 0;
                     return stream;
@@ -94,6 +104,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
                     throw;
                 }
             }
+
+            public static void ReleaseStream(RecyclableMemoryStream stream)
+            {
+                _streamPool.Release(stream);
+            }
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Capabilities.cs

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public readonly bool SupportsSparseBuffer;
         public readonly bool Supports5BitComponentFormat;
         public readonly bool SupportsBlendEquationAdvanced;
+        public readonly bool SupportsFastDmaTextureCopy;
         public readonly bool SupportsFragmentShaderInterlock;
         public readonly bool SupportsFragmentShaderOrderingIntel;
         public readonly bool SupportsGeometryShader;
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             bool supports5BitComponentFormat,
             bool supportsSparseBuffer,
             bool supportsBlendEquationAdvanced,
+            bool supportsFastDmaTextureCopy,
             bool supportsFragmentShaderInterlock,
             bool supportsFragmentShaderOrderingIntel,
             bool supportsGeometryShader,
@@ -157,6 +159,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             Supports5BitComponentFormat = supports5BitComponentFormat;
             SupportsSparseBuffer = supportsSparseBuffer;
             SupportsBlendEquationAdvanced = supportsBlendEquationAdvanced;
+            SupportsFastDmaTextureCopy = supportsFastDmaTextureCopy;
             SupportsFragmentShaderInterlock = supportsFragmentShaderInterlock;
             SupportsFragmentShaderOrderingIntel = supportsFragmentShaderOrderingIntel;
             SupportsGeometryShader = supportsGeometryShader;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IPipeline.cs

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         void SetRasterizerDiscard(bool discard);
 
         void SetRenderTargetColorMasks(ReadOnlySpan<uint> componentMask);
-        void SetRenderTargets(ITexture[] colors, ITexture depthStencil);
+        void SetRenderTargets(Span<ITexture> colors, ITexture depthStencil);
 
         void SetScissors(ReadOnlySpan<Rectangle<int>> regions);
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetRenderTargetsCommand.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using System;
 using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
@@ -8,11 +9,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
     {
         public static readonly ArrayPool<ITexture> ArrayPool = ArrayPool<ITexture>.Create(512, 50);
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetRenderTargets;
+        private int _colorsCount;
         private TableRef<ITexture[]> _colors;
         private TableRef<ITexture> _depthStencil;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ITexture[]> colors, TableRef<ITexture> depthStencil)
+        public void Set(int colorsCount, TableRef<ITexture[]> colors, TableRef<ITexture> depthStencil)
         {
+            _colorsCount = colorsCount;
             _colors = colors;
             _depthStencil = depthStencil;
         }
@@ -20,16 +23,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
         public static void Run(ref SetRenderTargetsCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
         {
             ITexture[] colors = command._colors.Get(threaded);
-            ITexture[] colorsCopy = ArrayPool.Rent(colors.Length);
+            Span<ITexture> colorsSpan = colors.AsSpan(0, command._colorsCount);
 
-            for (int i = 0; i < colors.Length; i++)
+            for (int i = 0; i < colorsSpan.Length; i++)
             {
-                colorsCopy[i] = ((ThreadedTexture)colors[i])?.Base;
+                colorsSpan[i] = ((ThreadedTexture)colorsSpan[i])?.Base;
             }
             
-            renderer.Pipeline.SetRenderTargets(colorsCopy, command._depthStencil.GetAs<ThreadedTexture>(threaded)?.Base);
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetRenderTargets(colorsSpan, command._depthStencil.GetAs<ThreadedTexture>(threaded)?.Base);
             
-            ArrayPool.Return(colorsCopy);
             ArrayPool.Return(colors);
         }
     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedPipeline.cs

@@ -267,12 +267,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public unsafe void SetRenderTargets(ITexture[] colors, ITexture depthStencil)
+        public unsafe void SetRenderTargets(Span<ITexture> colors, ITexture depthStencil)
         {
             ITexture[] colorsCopy = SetRenderTargetsCommand.ArrayPool.Rent(colors.Length);
-            colors.CopyTo(colorsCopy, 0);
+            colors.CopyTo(colorsCopy.AsSpan());
             
-            _renderer.New<SetRenderTargetsCommand>()->Set(Ref(colorsCopy), Ref(depthStencil));
+            _renderer.New<SetRenderTargetsCommand>()->Set(colors.Length, Ref(colorsCopy), Ref(depthStencil));
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedRenderer.cs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
     /// </summary>
     public class ThreadedRenderer : IRenderer
     {
-        private const int SpanPoolBytes = 4 * 1024 * 1024;
+        private const int SpanPoolBytes = 8 * 1024 * 1024;
         private const int MaxRefsPerCommand = 2;
         private const int QueueCount = 10000;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Dma/DmaClass.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Device;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
@@ -287,9 +288,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Dma
                 bool completeSource = IsTextureCopyComplete(src, srcLinear, srcBpp, srcStride, xCount, yCount);
                 bool completeDest = IsTextureCopyComplete(dst, dstLinear, dstBpp, dstStride, xCount, yCount);
 
-                // Check if the source texture exists on the GPU, if it does, do a GPU side copy.
+                // Check if the source texture exists on the GPU, if it does, do a GPU-side copy.
                 // Otherwise, we would need to flush the source texture which is costly.
-                // We don't expect the source to be linear in such cases, as linear source usually indicates buffer or CPU written data.
+                // We don't expect the source to be linear in such cases, as linear source usually indicates buffer or CPU-written data.
 
                 if (completeSource && completeDest && !srcLinear && isIdentityRemap)
                 {
@@ -307,27 +308,35 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Dma
 
                     if (source != null && source.Height == yCount)
                     {
-                        source.SynchronizeMemory();
+                        // HACK: Exclude RGBA16Float texture format for fast DMA copy on Apple Silicon.
+                        // Fixes Sonic Frontiers when VK_EXT_external_memory_host is not available.
+                        bool skipDma = !_context.Capabilities.SupportsFastDmaTextureCopy &&
+                                       source.Info.FormatInfo.Format == Format.R16G16B16A16Float;
 
-                        Image.Texture target = memoryManager.Physical.TextureCache.FindOrCreateTexture(
-                            memoryManager,
-                            source.Info.FormatInfo,
-                            dstGpuVa,
-                            xCount,
-                            yCount,
-                            dstStride,
-                            dstLinear,
-                            dst.MemoryLayout.UnpackGobBlocksInY(),
-                            dst.MemoryLayout.UnpackGobBlocksInZ());
-
-                        if (source.ScaleFactor != target.ScaleFactor)
+                        if (!skipDma)
                         {
-                            target.PropagateScale(source);
-                        }
+                            source.SynchronizeMemory();
 
-                        source.HostTexture.CopyTo(target.HostTexture, 0, 0);
-                        target.SignalModified();
-                        return;
+                            Image.Texture target = memoryManager.Physical.TextureCache.FindOrCreateTexture(
+                                memoryManager,
+                                source.Info.FormatInfo,
+                                dstGpuVa,
+                                xCount,
+                                yCount,
+                                dstStride,
+                                dstLinear,
+                                dst.MemoryLayout.UnpackGobBlocksInY(),
+                                dst.MemoryLayout.UnpackGobBlocksInZ());
+
+                            if (source.ScaleFactor != target.ScaleFactor)
+                            {
+                                target.PropagateScale(source);
+                            }
+
+                            source.HostTexture.CopyTo(target.HostTexture, 0, 0);
+                            target.SignalModified();
+                            return;
+                        }
                     }
                 }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/Buffer.cs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
     /// <summary>
     /// Buffer, used to store vertex and index data, uniform and storage buffers, and others.
     /// </summary>
-    class Buffer : INonOverlappingRange, ISyncActionHandler, IDisposable
+    class Buffer : INonOverlappingRange<Buffer>, ISyncActionHandler, IDisposable
     {
         private const ulong GranularBufferThreshold = 4096;
 
@@ -41,6 +41,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// End address of the buffer in guest memory.
         /// </summary>
         public ulong EndAddress => Address + Size;
+        
+        public Buffer Next { get; set; }
+        public Buffer Previous { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Increments when the buffer is (partially) unmapped or disposed.
@@ -87,6 +90,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
         private readonly bool _useGranular;
         private bool _syncActionRegistered;
+        private bool _bufferInherited;
 
         private int _referenceCount = 1;
 
@@ -113,7 +117,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             ulong size,
             BufferStage stage,
             bool sparseCompatible,
-            RangeItem<Buffer>[] baseBuffers)
+            Buffer[] baseBuffers)
         {
             _context = context;
             _physicalMemory = physicalMemory;
@@ -134,15 +138,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             if (baseBuffers.Length != 0)
             {
                 baseHandles = new List<IRegionHandle>();
-                foreach (RangeItem<Buffer> item in baseBuffers)
+                foreach (Buffer item in baseBuffers)
                 {
-                    if (item.Value._useGranular)
+                    if (item._useGranular)
                     {
-                        baseHandles.AddRange(item.Value._memoryTrackingGranular.Handles);
+                        baseHandles.AddRange(item._memoryTrackingGranular.Handles);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        baseHandles.Add(item.Value._memoryTracking);
+                        baseHandles.Add(item._memoryTracking);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -247,14 +251,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// Checks if a given range overlaps with the buffer.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Start address of the range</param>
-        /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
+        /// <param name="endAddress">End address of the range</param>
         /// <returns>True if the range overlaps, false otherwise</returns>
-        public bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong size)
+        public bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong endAddress)
         {
-            return Address < address + size && address < EndAddress;
+            return Address < endAddress && address < EndAddress;
         }
 
-        public INonOverlappingRange Split(ulong splitAddress)
+        public INonOverlappingRange<Buffer> Split(ulong splitAddress)
         {
             throw new NotImplementedException();
         }
@@ -426,10 +430,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         {
             _syncActionRegistered = false;
 
+            if (_bufferInherited)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
             if (_useGranular)
             {
-                
-
                 _modifiedRanges?.GetRanges(Address, Size, _syncRangeAction);
             }
             else
@@ -453,6 +460,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="from">The buffer to inherit from</param>
         public void InheritModifiedRanges(Buffer from)
         {
+            from._bufferInherited = true;
+            
             if (from._modifiedRanges is { HasRanges: true })
             {
                 if (from._syncActionRegistered && !_syncActionRegistered)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferBackingState.cs

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="parent">Parent buffer</param>
         /// <param name="stage">Initial buffer stage</param>
         /// <param name="baseBuffers">Buffers to inherit state from</param>
-        public BufferBackingState(GpuContext context, Buffer parent, BufferStage stage, RangeItem<Buffer>[] baseBuffers)
+        public BufferBackingState(GpuContext context, Buffer parent, BufferStage stage, Buffer[] baseBuffers)
         {
             _size = (int)parent.Size;
             _systemMemoryType = context.Capabilities.MemoryType;
@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 if (baseBuffers.Length != 0)
                 {
-                    foreach (RangeItem<Buffer> item in baseBuffers)
+                    foreach (Buffer item in baseBuffers)
                     {
-                        CombineState(item.Value.BackingState);
+                        CombineState(item.BackingState);
                     }
                 }
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferCache.cs

@@ -79,16 +79,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             for (int index = 0; index < range.Count; index++)
             {
                 MemoryRange subRange = range.GetSubRange(index);
-                
-                _buffers.Lock.EnterReadLock();
-                Span<RangeItem<Buffer>> overlaps = _buffers.FindOverlapsAsSpan(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
+
+                ReadOnlySpan<Buffer> overlaps = _buffers.FindOverlapsAsSpan(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < overlaps.Length; i++)
                 {
-                    overlaps[i].Value.Unmapped(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
+                    overlaps[i].Unmapped(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
                 }
-
-                _buffers.Lock.ExitReadLock();
             }
         }
 
@@ -328,7 +325,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                         ulong alignedEndAddress = (endAddress + alignmentMask) & ~alignmentMask;
                         ulong alignedSize = alignedEndAddress - alignedAddress;
 
-                        Buffer buffer = _buffers.FindOverlap(alignedAddress, alignedSize).Value;
+                        Buffer buffer = _buffers.FindOverlap(alignedAddress, alignedSize);
                         BufferRange bufferRange = buffer.GetRange(alignedAddress, alignedSize, false);
 
                         alignedSubRanges[i] = new MemoryRange(alignedAddress, alignedSize);
@@ -395,7 +392,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 if (subRange.Address != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
                 {
-                    Buffer buffer = _buffers.FindOverlap(subRange.Address, subRange.Size).Value;
+                    Buffer buffer = _buffers.FindOverlap(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
 
                     virtualBuffer.AddPhysicalDependency(buffer, subRange.Address, dstOffset, subRange.Size);
                     physicalBuffers.Add(buffer);
@@ -487,10 +484,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         private void CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage)
         {
-            Buffer newBuffer = null;
-            
-            _buffers.Lock.EnterWriteLock();
-            Span<RangeItem<Buffer>> overlaps = _buffers.FindOverlapsAsSpan(address, size);
+            ReadOnlySpan<Buffer> overlaps = _buffers.FindOverlapsAsSpan(address, size);
 
             if (overlaps.Length != 0)
             {
@@ -521,7 +515,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                     {
                         // Try to grow the buffer by 1.5x of its current size.
                         // This improves performance in the cases where the buffer is resized often by small amounts.
-                        ulong existingSize = overlaps[0].Value.Size;
+                        ulong existingSize = overlaps[0].Size;
                         ulong growthSize = (existingSize + Math.Min(existingSize >> 1, MaxDynamicGrowthSize)) & ~BufferAlignmentMask;
 
                         size = Math.Max(size, growthSize);
@@ -535,39 +529,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                     
                     for (int i = 0; i < overlaps.Length; i++)
                     {
-                        anySparseCompatible |= overlaps[i].Value.SparseCompatible;
+                        anySparseCompatible |= overlaps[i].SparseCompatible;
                     }
 
-                    RangeItem<Buffer>[] overlapsArray = overlaps.ToArray();
+                    Buffer[] overlapsArray = overlaps.ToArray();
                     
                     _buffers.RemoveRange(overlaps[0], overlaps[^1]);
                     
-                    _buffers.Lock.ExitWriteLock();
-                    
                     ulong newSize = endAddress - address;
 
-                    newBuffer = CreateBufferAligned(address, newSize, stage, anySparseCompatible, overlapsArray);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    _buffers.Lock.ExitWriteLock();
+                    _buffers.Add(CreateBufferAligned(address, newSize, stage, anySparseCompatible, overlapsArray));
                 }
             }
             else
             {
-                _buffers.Lock.ExitWriteLock();
-                
                 // No overlap, just create a new buffer.
-                newBuffer = new(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, stage, sparseCompatible: false, []);
-            }
-
-            if (newBuffer is not null)
-            {
-                _buffers.Lock.EnterWriteLock();
-                
-                _buffers.Add(newBuffer);
-                
-                _buffers.Lock.ExitWriteLock();
+                _buffers.Add(new(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, stage, sparseCompatible: false, []));
             }
         }
 
@@ -583,10 +560,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         private void CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage, ulong alignment)
         {
             bool sparseAligned = alignment >= SparseBufferAlignmentSize;
-            Buffer newBuffer = null;
             
-            _buffers.Lock.EnterWriteLock();
-            Span<RangeItem<Buffer>> overlaps = _buffers.FindOverlapsAsSpan(address, size);
+            ReadOnlySpan<Buffer> overlaps = _buffers.FindOverlapsAsSpan(address, size);
 
             if (overlaps.Length != 0)
             {
@@ -598,7 +573,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 if (overlaps[0].Address > address ||
                     overlaps[0].EndAddress < endAddress ||
                     (overlaps[0].Address & (alignment - 1)) != 0 ||
-                    (!overlaps[0].Value.SparseCompatible && sparseAligned))
+                    (!overlaps[0].SparseCompatible && sparseAligned))
                 {
                     // We need to make sure the new buffer is properly aligned.
                     // However, after the range is aligned, it is possible that it
@@ -622,35 +597,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                     ulong newSize = endAddress - address;
                     
-                    RangeItem<Buffer>[] overlapsArray = overlaps.ToArray();
+                    Buffer[] overlapsArray = overlaps.ToArray();
                     
                     _buffers.RemoveRange(overlaps[0], overlaps[^1]);
                     
-                    _buffers.Lock.ExitWriteLock();
-                    
-                    newBuffer = CreateBufferAligned(address, newSize, stage, sparseAligned, overlapsArray);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    _buffers.Lock.ExitWriteLock();
+                    _buffers.Add(CreateBufferAligned(address, newSize, stage, sparseAligned, overlapsArray));
                 }
             }
             else
             {
-                _buffers.Lock.ExitWriteLock();
-                
                 // No overlap, just create a new buffer.
-                newBuffer = new(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, stage, sparseAligned, []);
-            }
-
-            if (newBuffer is not null)
-            {
-                _buffers.Lock.EnterWriteLock();
-                
-                _buffers.Add(newBuffer);
-                
-                _buffers.Lock.ExitWriteLock();
-            }
+                _buffers.Add(new(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, stage, sparseAligned, []));
+            } 
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -663,13 +621,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="sparseCompatible">Indicates if the buffer can be used in a sparse buffer mapping</param>
         /// <param name="overlaps">Buffers overlapping the range</param>
-        private Buffer CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage, bool sparseCompatible, RangeItem<Buffer>[] overlaps)
+        private Buffer CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage, bool sparseCompatible, Buffer[] overlaps)
         {
             Buffer newBuffer = new(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, stage, sparseCompatible, overlaps);
 
             for (int index = 0; index < overlaps.Length; index++)
             {
-                Buffer buffer = overlaps[index].Value;
+                Buffer buffer = overlaps[index];
 
                 int dstOffset = (int)(buffer.Address - newBuffer.Address);
 
@@ -897,7 +855,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             {
                 MemoryRange subRange = range.GetSubRange(i);
 
-                Buffer subBuffer = _buffers.FindOverlap(subRange.Address, subRange.Size).Value;
+                Buffer subBuffer = _buffers.FindOverlap(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
 
                 subBuffer.SynchronizeMemory(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
 
@@ -945,7 +903,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             if (size != 0)
             {
-                buffer = _buffers.FindOverlap(address, size).Value;
+                buffer = _buffers.FindOverlap(address, size);
 
                 buffer.CopyFromDependantVirtualBuffers();
                 buffer.SynchronizeMemory(address, size);
@@ -957,7 +915,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
             else
             {
-                buffer = _buffers.FindOverlapFast(address, 1).Value;
+                buffer = _buffers.FindOverlapFast(address, 1);
             }
 
             return buffer;
@@ -995,7 +953,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         {
             if (size != 0)
             {
-                Buffer buffer = _buffers.FindOverlap(address, size).Value;
+                Buffer buffer = _buffers.FindOverlap(address, size);
 
                 if (copyBackVirtual)
                 {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferModifiedRangeList.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
     /// <summary>
     /// A range within a buffer that has been modified by the GPU.
     /// </summary>
-    class BufferModifiedRange : INonOverlappingRange
+    class BufferModifiedRange : INonOverlappingRange<BufferModifiedRange>
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// Start address of the range in guest memory.
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// End address of the range in guest memory.
         /// </summary>
         public ulong EndAddress => Address + Size;
+        
+        public BufferModifiedRange Next { get; set; }
+        public BufferModifiedRange Previous { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The GPU sync number at the time of the last modification.
@@ -54,14 +57,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// Checks if a given range overlaps with the modified range.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Start address of the range</param>
-        /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
+        /// <param name="endAddress">End address of the range</param>
         /// <returns>True if the range overlaps, false otherwise</returns>
-        public bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong size)
+        public bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong endAddress)
         {
-            return Address < address + size && address < EndAddress;
+            return Address < endAddress && address < EndAddress;
         }
 
-        public INonOverlappingRange Split(ulong splitAddress)
+        public INonOverlappingRange<BufferModifiedRange> Split(ulong splitAddress)
         {
             throw new NotImplementedException();
         }
@@ -119,11 +122,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             // Slices a given region using the modified regions in the list. Calls the action for the new slices.
             Lock.EnterReadLock();
 
-            Span<RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange>> overlaps = FindOverlapsAsSpan(address, size);
+            ReadOnlySpan<BufferModifiedRange> overlaps = FindOverlapsAsSpan(address, size);
 
             for (int i = 0; i < overlaps.Length; i++)
             {
-                BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i].Value;
+                BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i];
 
                 if (overlap.Address > address)
                 {
@@ -157,7 +160,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             ulong syncNumber = _context.SyncNumber;
             // We may overlap with some existing modified regions. They must be cut into by the new entry.
             Lock.EnterWriteLock();
-            (RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange> first, RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange> last) = FindOverlapsAsNodes(address, size);
+            (BufferModifiedRange first, BufferModifiedRange last) = FindOverlapsAsNodes(address, size);
 
             if (first is null)
             {
@@ -170,34 +173,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             {
                 if (first.Address == address && first.EndAddress == endAddress)
                 {
-                    first.Value.SyncNumber = syncNumber;
-                    first.Value.Parent = this;
+                    first.SyncNumber = syncNumber;
+                    first.Parent = this;
                     Lock.ExitWriteLock();
                     return;
                 }
 
                 if (first.Address < address)
                 {
-                    first.Value.Size = address - first.Address;
-                    Update(first);
-
                     if (first.EndAddress > endAddress)
                     {
                         Add(new BufferModifiedRange(endAddress, first.EndAddress - endAddress,
-                            first.Value.SyncNumber, first.Value.Parent));
+                            first.SyncNumber, first.Parent));
                     }
+                    
+                    first.Size = address - first.Address;
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     if (first.EndAddress > endAddress)
                     {
-                        first.Value.Size = first.EndAddress - endAddress;
-                        first.Value.Address = endAddress;
-                        Update(first);
+                        first.Size = first.EndAddress - endAddress;
+                        first.Address = endAddress;
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        Remove(first.Value);
+                        first.Address = address;
+                        first.Size = size;
+                        first.SyncNumber = syncNumber;
+                        first.Parent = this;
+                        
+                        Lock.ExitWriteLock();
+                        
+                        return;
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -207,38 +215,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 return;
             }
 
-            BufferModifiedRange buffPre = null;
-            BufferModifiedRange buffPost = null;
-            bool extendsPost = false;
-            bool extendsPre = false;
-
             if (first.Address < address)
             {
-                buffPre = new BufferModifiedRange(first.Address, address - first.Address,
-                    first.Value.SyncNumber, first.Value.Parent);
-                extendsPre = true;
+                first.Size = address - first.Address;
+                first = first.Next;
             }
 
             if (last.EndAddress > endAddress)
             {
-                buffPost = new BufferModifiedRange(endAddress, last.EndAddress - endAddress,
-                    last.Value.SyncNumber, last.Value.Parent);
-                extendsPost = true;
+                last.Size = last.EndAddress - endAddress;
+                last.Address = endAddress;
+                last = last.Previous;
             }
 
-            RemoveRange(first, last);
-
-            if (extendsPre)
+            if (first.Address < last.Address)
             {
-                Add(buffPre);
+                RemoveRange(first.Next, last);
+                first.Address = address;
+                first.Size = size;
+                first.SyncNumber = syncNumber;
+                first.Parent = this;
             }
-
-            if (extendsPost)
+            else if (first.Address == last.Address)
             {
-                Add(buffPost);
+                first.Address = address;
+                first.Size = size;
+                first.SyncNumber = syncNumber;
+                first.Parent = this;
             }
-
-            Add(new BufferModifiedRange(address, size, syncNumber, this));
+            else
+            {
+                Add(new BufferModifiedRange(address, size, syncNumber, this));
+            }
+            
             Lock.ExitWriteLock();
         }
 
@@ -252,11 +261,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         public void GetRangesAtSync(ulong address, ulong size, ulong syncNumber, Action<ulong, ulong> rangeAction)
         {
             Lock.EnterReadLock();
-            Span<RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange>> overlaps = FindOverlapsAsSpan(address, size);
+            ReadOnlySpan<BufferModifiedRange> overlaps = FindOverlapsAsSpan(address, size);
 
             for (int i = 0; i < overlaps.Length; i++)
             {
-                BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i].Value;
+                BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i];
 
                 if (overlap.SyncNumber == syncNumber)
                 {
@@ -277,18 +286,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         {
             // We use the non-span method here because keeping the lock will cause a deadlock.
             Lock.EnterReadLock();
-            RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange>[] overlaps = FindOverlapsAsArray(address, size, out int length);
+            BufferModifiedRange[] overlaps = FindOverlapsAsArray(address, size, out int length);
             Lock.ExitReadLock();
 
             if (length != 0)
             {
                 for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
                 {
-                    BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i].Value;
+                    BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i];
                     rangeAction(overlap.Address, overlap.Size);
                 }
                 
-                ArrayPool<RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange>>.Shared.Return(overlaps);
+                ArrayPool<BufferModifiedRange>.Shared.Return(overlaps);
             }
         }
 
@@ -301,7 +310,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         public bool HasRange(ulong address, ulong size)
         {
             Lock.EnterReadLock();
-            RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange> first = FindOverlapFast(address, size);
+            BufferModifiedRange first = FindOverlapFast(address, size);
             bool result = first is not null;
             Lock.ExitReadLock();
             return result;
@@ -336,7 +345,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="address">The start address of the flush range</param>
         /// <param name="endAddress">The end address of the flush range</param>
         private void RemoveRangesAndFlush(
-            RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange>[] overlaps,
+            BufferModifiedRange[] overlaps,
             int rangeCount,
             long highestDiff,
             ulong currentSync,
@@ -349,7 +358,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < rangeCount; i++)
                 {
-                    BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i].Value;
+                    BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i];
 
                     long diff = (long)(overlap.SyncNumber - currentSync);
 
@@ -358,7 +367,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                         ulong clampAddress = Math.Max(address, overlap.Address);
                         ulong clampEnd = Math.Min(endAddress, overlap.EndAddress);
 
-                        ClearPart(overlap, clampAddress, clampEnd);
+                        if (i == 0 || i == rangeCount - 1)
+                        {
+                            ClearPart(overlap, clampAddress, clampEnd);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            Remove(overlap);
+                        }
 
                         RangeActionWithMigration(clampAddress, clampEnd - clampAddress, waitSync, _flushAction);
                     }
@@ -398,7 +414,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             
             Lock.EnterWriteLock();
             // We use the non-span method here because the array is partially modified by the code, which would invalidate a span.
-            RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange>[] overlaps = FindOverlapsAsArray(address, size, out int rangeCount);
+            BufferModifiedRange[] overlaps = FindOverlapsAsArray(address, size, out int rangeCount);
 
             if (rangeCount == 0)
             {
@@ -414,7 +430,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             for (int i = 0; i < rangeCount; i++)
             {
-                BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps![i].Value;
+                BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps![i];
 
                 long diff = (long)(overlap.SyncNumber - currentSync);
 
@@ -436,7 +452,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             RemoveRangesAndFlush(overlaps, rangeCount, highestDiff, currentSync, address, endAddress);
             
-            ArrayPool<RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange>>.Shared.Return(overlaps!);
+            ArrayPool<BufferModifiedRange>.Shared.Return(overlaps!);
             
             Lock.ExitWriteLock();
         }
@@ -452,7 +468,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         public void InheritRanges(BufferModifiedRangeList ranges, Action<ulong, ulong> registerRangeAction)
         {
             ranges.Lock.EnterReadLock();
-            BufferModifiedRange[] inheritRanges = ranges.ToArray();
+            int rangesCount = ranges.Count;
+            BufferModifiedRange[] inheritRanges = ArrayPool<BufferModifiedRange>.Shared.Rent(ranges.Count);
+            ranges.Items.AsSpan(0, ranges.Count).CopyTo(inheritRanges);
             ranges.Lock.ExitReadLock();
 
             // Copy over the migration from the previous range list
@@ -478,22 +496,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             ranges._migrationTarget = this;
 
             Lock.EnterWriteLock();
-            
-            foreach (BufferModifiedRange range in inheritRanges)
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < rangesCount; i++)
             {
+                BufferModifiedRange range = inheritRanges[i];
                 Add(range);
             }
 
             Lock.ExitWriteLock();
 
             ulong currentSync = _context.SyncNumber;
-            foreach (BufferModifiedRange range in inheritRanges)
+            for (int i = 0; i < rangesCount; i++)
             {
+                BufferModifiedRange range = inheritRanges[i];
                 if (range.SyncNumber != currentSync)
                 {
                     registerRangeAction(range.Address, range.Size);
                 }
             }
+            
+            ArrayPool<BufferModifiedRange>.Shared.Return(inheritRanges);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -534,18 +556,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
         private void ClearPart(BufferModifiedRange overlap, ulong address, ulong endAddress)
         {
-            Remove(overlap);
-
             // If the overlap extends outside of the clear range, make sure those parts still exist.
 
             if (overlap.Address < address)
             {
-                Add(new BufferModifiedRange(overlap.Address, address - overlap.Address, overlap.SyncNumber, overlap.Parent));
+                if (overlap.EndAddress > endAddress)
+                {
+                    Add(new BufferModifiedRange(endAddress, overlap.EndAddress - endAddress, overlap.SyncNumber, overlap.Parent));
+                }
+                
+                overlap.Size = address - overlap.Address;
             }
-
-            if (overlap.EndAddress > endAddress)
+            else if (overlap.EndAddress > endAddress)
             {
-                Add(new BufferModifiedRange(endAddress, overlap.EndAddress - endAddress, overlap.SyncNumber, overlap.Parent));
+                overlap.Size = overlap.EndAddress - endAddress;
+                overlap.Address = endAddress;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Remove(overlap);
             }
         }
 
@@ -558,7 +587,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         {
             ulong endAddress = address + size;
             Lock.EnterWriteLock();
-            (RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange> first, RangeItem<BufferModifiedRange> last) = FindOverlapsAsNodes(address, size);
+            (BufferModifiedRange first, BufferModifiedRange last) = FindOverlapsAsNodes(address, size);
             
             if (first is null)
             {
@@ -570,26 +599,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             {
                 if (first.Address < address)
                 {
-                    first.Value.Size = address - first.Address;
-                    Update(first);
+                    first.Size = address - first.Address;
 
                     if (first.EndAddress > endAddress)
                     {
                         Add(new BufferModifiedRange(endAddress, first.EndAddress - endAddress,
-                            first.Value.SyncNumber, first.Value.Parent));
+                            first.SyncNumber, first.Parent));
                     }
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     if (first.EndAddress > endAddress)
                     {
-                        first.Value.Size = first.EndAddress - endAddress;
-                        first.Value.Address = endAddress;
-                        Update(first);
+                        first.Size = first.EndAddress - endAddress;
+                        first.Address = endAddress;
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        Remove(first.Value);
+                        Remove(first);
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -605,14 +632,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             if (first.Address < address)
             {
                 buffPre = new BufferModifiedRange(first.Address, address - first.Address,
-                    first.Value.SyncNumber, first.Value.Parent);
+                    first.SyncNumber, first.Parent);
                 extendsPre = true;
             }
 
             if (last.EndAddress > endAddress)
             {
                 buffPost = new BufferModifiedRange(endAddress, last.EndAddress - endAddress,
-                    last.Value.SyncNumber, last.Value.Parent);
+                    last.SyncNumber, last.Parent);
                 extendsPost = true;
             }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/VirtualRangeCache.cs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <summary>
         /// Represents a GPU virtual memory range.
         /// </summary>
-        private class VirtualRange : INonOverlappingRange
+        private class VirtualRange : INonOverlappingRange<VirtualRange>
         {
             /// <summary>
             /// GPU virtual address where the range starts.
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             /// </summary>
             public ulong EndAddress => Address + Size;
 
+            public VirtualRange Next { get; set; }
+            public VirtualRange Previous { get; set; }
+
             /// <summary>
             /// Physical regions where the GPU virtual region is mapped.
             /// </summary>
@@ -54,14 +57,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             /// Checks if a given range overlaps with the buffer.
             /// </summary>
             /// <param name="address">Start address of the range</param>
-            /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
+            /// <param name="endAddress">End address of the range</param>
             /// <returns>True if the range overlaps, false otherwise</returns>
-            public bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong size)
+            public bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong endAddress)
             {
-                return Address < address + size && address < EndAddress;
+                return Address < endAddress && address < EndAddress;
             }
 
-            public INonOverlappingRange Split(ulong splitAddress)
+            public INonOverlappingRange<VirtualRange> Split(ulong splitAddress)
             {
                 throw new NotImplementedException();
             }
@@ -122,7 +125,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             ulong originalVa = gpuVa;
 
             _virtualRanges.Lock.EnterWriteLock();
-            (RangeItem<VirtualRange> first, RangeItem<VirtualRange> last) = _virtualRanges.FindOverlapsAsNodes(gpuVa, size);
+            (VirtualRange first, VirtualRange last) = _virtualRanges.FindOverlapsAsNodes(gpuVa, size);
             
             if (first is not null)
             {
@@ -147,8 +150,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    found = first.Value.Range.Count == 1 || IsSparseAligned(first.Value.Range);
-                    range = first.Value.Range.Slice(gpuVa - first.Address, size);
+                    found = first.Range.Count == 1 || IsSparseAligned(first.Range);
+                    range = first.Range.Slice(gpuVa - first.Address, size);
                 }
             }
             else

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/OpenGLRenderer.cs

@@ -169,6 +169,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
                 supports5BitComponentFormat: true,
                 supportsSparseBuffer: false,
                 supportsBlendEquationAdvanced: HwCapabilities.SupportsBlendEquationAdvanced,
+                supportsFastDmaTextureCopy: true,
                 supportsFragmentShaderInterlock: HwCapabilities.SupportsFragmentShaderInterlock,
                 supportsFragmentShaderOrderingIntel: HwCapabilities.SupportsFragmentShaderOrdering,
                 supportsGeometryShader: true,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Pipeline.cs

@@ -1166,7 +1166,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             }
         }
 
-        public void SetRenderTargets(ITexture[] colors, ITexture depthStencil)
+        public void SetRenderTargets(Span<ITexture> colors, ITexture depthStencil)
         {
             EnsureFramebuffer();
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/FramebufferParams.cs

@@ -71,17 +71,31 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             HasDepthStencil = isDepthStencil;
         }
 
-        public FramebufferParams(Device device, ITexture[] colors, ITexture depthStencil)
+        public FramebufferParams(Device device, ReadOnlySpan<ITexture> colors, ITexture depthStencil)
         {
             _device = device;
 
-            int colorsCount = colors.Count(IsValidTextureView);
+            int colorsCount = 0;
+            _colorsCanonical = new TextureView[colors.Length];
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < colors.Length; i++)
+            {
+                ITexture color = colors[i];
+                if (color is TextureView { Valid: true } view)
+                {
+                    colorsCount++;
+                    _colorsCanonical[i] = view;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _colorsCanonical[i] = null;
+                }
+            }
 
             int count = colorsCount + (IsValidTextureView(depthStencil) ? 1 : 0);
 
             _attachments = new Auto<DisposableImageView>[count];
             _colors = new TextureView[colorsCount];
-            _colorsCanonical = colors.Select(color => color is TextureView view && view.Valid ? view : null).ToArray();
 
             AttachmentSamples = new uint[count];
             AttachmentFormats = new VkFormat[count];
@@ -165,9 +179,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _totalCount = colors.Length;
         }
         
-        public FramebufferParams Update(ITexture[] colors, ITexture depthStencil)
+        public FramebufferParams Update(ReadOnlySpan<ITexture> colors, ITexture depthStencil)
         {
-            int colorsCount = colors.Count(IsValidTextureView);
+            int colorsCount = 0;
+            
+            foreach (ITexture color in colors)
+            {
+                if (IsValidTextureView(color))
+                {
+                    colorsCount++;
+                }
+            }
 
             int count = colorsCount + (IsValidTextureView(depthStencil) ? 1 : 0);
             

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/MultiFenceHolder.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
-using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 {
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
     /// </summary>
     class MultiFenceHolder
     {
+        public static readonly ObjectPool<FenceHolder[]> FencePool = new(() => new FenceHolder[CommandBufferPool.MaxCommandBuffers]);
+        
         private const int BufferUsageTrackingGranularity = 4096;
 
         public FenceHolder[] Fences { get; }
@@ -20,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         /// </summary>
         public MultiFenceHolder()
         {
-            Fences = ArrayPool<FenceHolder>.Shared.Rent(CommandBufferPool.MaxCommandBuffers);
+            Fences = FencePool.Allocate();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         /// <param name="size">Size of the buffer</param>
         public MultiFenceHolder(int size)
         {
-            Fences = ArrayPool<FenceHolder>.Shared.Rent(CommandBufferPool.MaxCommandBuffers);
+            Fences = FencePool.Allocate();
             _bufferUsageBitmap = new BufferUsageBitmap(size, BufferUsageTrackingGranularity);
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineBase.cs

@@ -1035,7 +1035,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             }
         }
 
-        private void SetRenderTargetsInternal(ITexture[] colors, ITexture depthStencil, bool filterWriteMasked)
+        private void SetRenderTargetsInternal(Span<ITexture> colors, ITexture depthStencil, bool filterWriteMasked)
         {
             CreateFramebuffer(colors, depthStencil, filterWriteMasked);
             CreateRenderPass();
@@ -1043,7 +1043,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             SignalAttachmentChange();
         }
 
-        public void SetRenderTargets(ITexture[] colors, ITexture depthStencil)
+        public void SetRenderTargets(Span<ITexture> colors, ITexture depthStencil)
         {
             _framebufferUsingColorWriteMask = false;
             SetRenderTargetsInternal(colors, depthStencil, Gd.IsTBDR);
@@ -1389,7 +1389,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _currentPipelineHandle = 0;
         }
 
-        private void CreateFramebuffer(ITexture[] colors, ITexture depthStencil, bool filterWriteMasked)
+        private void CreateFramebuffer(Span<ITexture> colors, ITexture depthStencil, bool filterWriteMasked)
         {
             if (filterWriteMasked)
             {
@@ -1399,7 +1399,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 // Just try to remove duplicate attachments.
                 // Save a copy of the array to rebind when mask changes.
 
-                void MaskOut()
+                void MaskOut(ReadOnlySpan<ITexture> colors)
                 {
                     if (!_framebufferUsingColorWriteMask)
                     {
@@ -1436,12 +1436,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                             if (vkBlend.ColorWriteMask == 0)
                             {
                                 colors[i] = null;
-                                MaskOut();
+                                MaskOut(colors);
                             }
                             else if (vkBlend2.ColorWriteMask == 0)
                             {
                                 colors[j] = null;
-                                MaskOut();
+                                MaskOut(colors);
                             }
                         }
                     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/SyncManager.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
-using System.Buffers;
+using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Linq;
@@ -193,7 +193,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                         {
                             _firstHandle = first.ID + 1;
                             _handles.RemoveAt(0);
-                            ArrayPool<FenceHolder>.Shared.Return(first.Waitable.Fences);
+                            Array.Clear(first.Waitable.Fences);
+                            MultiFenceHolder.FencePool.Release(first.Waitable.Fences);
                             first.Waitable = null;
                         }
                     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanRenderer.cs

@@ -760,6 +760,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 supports5BitComponentFormat: supports5BitComponentFormat,
                 supportsSparseBuffer: features2.Features.SparseBinding && mainQueueProperties.QueueFlags.HasFlag(QueueFlags.SparseBindingBit),
                 supportsBlendEquationAdvanced: Capabilities.SupportsBlendEquationAdvanced,
+                supportsFastDmaTextureCopy: !IsMoltenVk,
                 supportsFragmentShaderInterlock: Capabilities.SupportsFragmentShaderInterlock,
                 supportsFragmentShaderOrderingIntel: false,
                 supportsGeometryShader: Capabilities.SupportsGeometryShader,

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Ipc/IpcMessage.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ using Microsoft.IO;
 using Ryujinx.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.IO;
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Ipc
 
         public IpcMessage(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, long cmdPtr)
         {
-            using RecyclableMemoryStream ms = MemoryStreamManager.Shared.GetStream(data);
+            RecyclableMemoryStream ms = MemoryStreamManager.Shared.GetStream(data);
 
             BinaryReader reader = new(ms);
 
@@ -123,6 +124,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Ipc
             }
 
             ObjectIds = [];
+            
+            MemoryStreamManager.Shared.ReleaseStream(ms);
         }
 
         public RecyclableMemoryStream GetStream(long cmdPtr, ulong recvListAddr)

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Ipc/KBufferDescriptorTable.cs

@@ -20,6 +20,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Ipc
             _exchangeBufferDescriptors = new List<KBufferDescriptor>(MaxInternalBuffersCount);
         }
 
+        public KBufferDescriptorTable Clear()
+        {
+            _sendBufferDescriptors.Clear();
+            _receiveBufferDescriptors.Clear();
+            _exchangeBufferDescriptors.Clear();
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
         public Result AddSendBuffer(ulong src, ulong dst, ulong size, MemoryState state)
         {
             return Add(_sendBufferDescriptors, src, dst, size, state);

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Ipc/KClientSession.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Common;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Process;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading;
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Ipc
         {
             KThread currentThread = KernelStatic.GetCurrentThread();
 
-            KSessionRequest request = new(currentThread, customCmdBuffAddr, customCmdBuffSize);
+            KSessionRequest request = _parent.ServerSession.RequestPool.Allocate().Set(currentThread, customCmdBuffAddr, customCmdBuffSize);
 
             KernelContext.CriticalSection.Enter();
 
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Ipc
         {
             KThread currentThread = KernelStatic.GetCurrentThread();
 
-            KSessionRequest request = new(currentThread, customCmdBuffAddr, customCmdBuffSize, asyncEvent);
+            KSessionRequest request = _parent.ServerSession.RequestPool.Allocate().Set(currentThread, customCmdBuffAddr, customCmdBuffSize, asyncEvent);
 
             KernelContext.CriticalSection.Enter();
 

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Ipc/KServerSession.cs

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Ipc
 {
     class KServerSession : KSynchronizationObject
     {
+        public readonly ObjectPool<KSessionRequest> RequestPool = new(() => new KSessionRequest());
+        
         private static readonly MemoryState[] _ipcMemoryStates =
         [
             MemoryState.IpcBuffer3,
@@ -274,6 +276,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Ipc
                 KernelContext.CriticalSection.Leave();
 
                 WakeClientThread(request, clientResult);
+                
+                RequestPool.Release(request);
             }
 
             if (clientHeader.ReceiveListType < 2 &&
@@ -627,6 +631,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Ipc
                 CloseAllHandles(clientMsg, serverHeader, clientProcess);
 
                 FinishRequest(request, clientResult);
+                
+                RequestPool.Release(request);
             }
 
             if (clientHeader.ReceiveListType < 2 &&
@@ -865,6 +871,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Ipc
 
             // Unmap buffers from server.
             FinishRequest(request, clientResult);
+            
+            RequestPool.Release(request);
 
             return serverResult;
         }
@@ -1098,6 +1106,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Ipc
             foreach (KSessionRequest request in IterateWithRemovalOfAllRequests())
             {
                 FinishRequest(request, KernelResult.PortRemoteClosed);
+                
+                RequestPool.Release(request);
             }
         }
 
@@ -1117,6 +1127,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Ipc
                 {
                     SendResultToAsyncRequestClient(request, KernelResult.PortRemoteClosed);
                 }
+                
+                RequestPool.Release(request);
             }
 
             WakeServerThreads(KernelResult.PortRemoteClosed);

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Ipc/KSessionRequest.cs

@@ -5,18 +5,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Ipc
 {
     class KSessionRequest
     {
-        public KBufferDescriptorTable BufferDescriptorTable { get; }
+        public KBufferDescriptorTable BufferDescriptorTable { get; private set; }
 
-        public KThread ClientThread { get; }
+        public KThread ClientThread { get; private set; }
 
         public KProcess ServerProcess { get; set; }
 
-        public KWritableEvent AsyncEvent { get; }
+        public KWritableEvent AsyncEvent { get; private set; }
 
-        public ulong CustomCmdBuffAddr { get; }
-        public ulong CustomCmdBuffSize { get; }
+        public ulong CustomCmdBuffAddr { get; private set; }
+        public ulong CustomCmdBuffSize { get; private set; }
 
-        public KSessionRequest(
+        public KSessionRequest Set(
             KThread clientThread,
             ulong customCmdBuffAddr,
             ulong customCmdBuffSize,
@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Ipc
             CustomCmdBuffSize = customCmdBuffSize;
             AsyncEvent = asyncEvent;
 
-            BufferDescriptorTable = new KBufferDescriptorTable();
+            BufferDescriptorTable = BufferDescriptorTable?.Clear() ?? new KBufferDescriptorTable();
+
+            return this;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Threading/KAddressArbiter.cs

@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Common;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Process;
 using Ryujinx.Horizon.Common;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
@@ -12,12 +10,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
     class KAddressArbiter
     {
         private const int HasListenersMask = 0x40000000;
-        private static readonly ObjectPool<KThread[]> _threadArrayPool = new(() => []);
 
         private readonly KernelContext _context;
 
-        private readonly List<KThread> _condVarThreads;
-        private readonly List<KThread> _arbiterThreads;
+        private readonly Dictionary<ulong, List<KThread>> _condVarThreads;
+        private readonly Dictionary<ulong, List<KThread>> _arbiterThreads;
+        private readonly ByDynamicPriority _byDynamicPriority;
 
         public KAddressArbiter(KernelContext context)
         {
@@ -25,6 +23,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
 
             _condVarThreads = [];
             _arbiterThreads = [];
+            _byDynamicPriority = new ByDynamicPriority();
         }
 
         public Result ArbitrateLock(int ownerHandle, ulong mutexAddress, int requesterHandle)
@@ -140,9 +139,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
 
             currentThread.MutexAddress = mutexAddress;
             currentThread.ThreadHandleForUserMutex = threadHandle;
-            currentThread.CondVarAddress = condVarAddress;
 
-            _condVarThreads.Add(currentThread);
+            if (_condVarThreads.TryGetValue(condVarAddress, out List<KThread> threads))
+            {
+                int i = 0;
+
+                if (threads.Count > 0)
+                {
+                    i = threads.BinarySearch(currentThread, _byDynamicPriority);
+                    if (i < 0) i = ~i;
+                }
+                
+                threads.Insert(i, currentThread);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _condVarThreads.Add(condVarAddress, [currentThread]);
+            }
 
             if (timeout != 0)
             {
@@ -165,7 +178,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
 
             currentThread.MutexOwner?.RemoveMutexWaiter(currentThread);
 
-            _condVarThreads.Remove(currentThread);
+            _condVarThreads[condVarAddress].Remove(currentThread);
 
             _context.CriticalSection.Leave();
 
@@ -200,13 +213,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
         {
             _context.CriticalSection.Enter();
 
-            static bool SignalProcessWideKeyPredicate(KThread thread, ulong address)
+            int validThreads = 0;
+            _condVarThreads.TryGetValue(address, out List<KThread> threads);
+
+            if (threads is not null && threads.Count > 0)
             {
-                return thread.CondVarAddress == address;
+                validThreads = WakeThreads(threads, count, TryAcquireMutex);
             }
-
-            int validThreads = WakeThreads(_condVarThreads, count, TryAcquireMutex, SignalProcessWideKeyPredicate, address);
-
+            
             if (validThreads == 0)
             {
                 KernelTransfer.KernelToUser(address, 0);
@@ -315,9 +329,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
 
                 currentThread.MutexAddress = address;
                 currentThread.WaitingInArbitration = true;
+                
+                if (_arbiterThreads.TryGetValue(address, out List<KThread> threads))
+                {
+                    int i = 0;
 
-                _arbiterThreads.Add(currentThread);
-
+                    if (threads.Count > 0)
+                    {
+                        i = threads.BinarySearch(currentThread, _byDynamicPriority);
+                        if (i < 0) i = ~i;
+                    }
+                
+                    threads.Insert(i, currentThread);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _arbiterThreads.Add(address, [currentThread]);
+                }
+                
                 currentThread.Reschedule(ThreadSchedState.Paused);
 
                 if (timeout > 0)
@@ -336,7 +365,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
 
                 if (currentThread.WaitingInArbitration)
                 {
-                    _arbiterThreads.Remove(currentThread);
+                    _arbiterThreads[address].Remove(currentThread);
 
                     currentThread.WaitingInArbitration = false;
                 }
@@ -392,9 +421,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
 
                 currentThread.MutexAddress = address;
                 currentThread.WaitingInArbitration = true;
+                
+                if (_arbiterThreads.TryGetValue(address, out List<KThread> threads))
+                {
+                    int i = 0;
 
-                _arbiterThreads.Add(currentThread);
-
+                    if (threads.Count > 0)
+                    {
+                        i = threads.BinarySearch(currentThread, _byDynamicPriority);
+                        if (i < 0) i = ~i;
+                    }
+                
+                    threads.Insert(i, currentThread);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _arbiterThreads.Add(address, [currentThread]);
+                }
+                
                 currentThread.Reschedule(ThreadSchedState.Paused);
 
                 if (timeout > 0)
@@ -413,7 +457,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
 
                 if (currentThread.WaitingInArbitration)
                 {
-                    _arbiterThreads.Remove(currentThread);
+                    _arbiterThreads[address].Remove(currentThread);
 
                     currentThread.WaitingInArbitration = false;
                 }
@@ -486,15 +530,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
             // or equal to the Count of threads to be signaled, or Count is zero
             // or negative. It is incremented if there are no threads waiting.
             int waitingCount = 0;
-
-            foreach (KThread thread in _arbiterThreads)
+            
+            if (_arbiterThreads.TryGetValue(address, out List<KThread> threads))
             {
-                if (thread.MutexAddress == address && 
-                    ++waitingCount >= count)
-                {
-                    break;
-                }
+                waitingCount = threads.Count;
             }
+            
 
             if (waitingCount > 0)
             {
@@ -561,55 +602,38 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
                 thread.WaitingInArbitration = false;
             }
 
-            static bool ArbiterThreadPredecate(KThread thread, ulong address)
-            {
-                return thread.MutexAddress == address;
-            }
+            _arbiterThreads.TryGetValue(address, out List<KThread> threads);
 
-            WakeThreads(_arbiterThreads, count, RemoveArbiterThread, ArbiterThreadPredecate, address);
+            if (threads is not null && threads.Count > 0)
+            {
+                WakeThreads(threads, count, RemoveArbiterThread);
+            }
         }
 
         private static int WakeThreads(
             List<KThread> threads,
             int count,
-            Action<KThread> removeCallback,
-            Func<KThread, ulong, bool> predicate,
-            ulong address = 0)
+            Action<KThread> removeCallback)
         {
-            KThread[] candidates = _threadArrayPool.Allocate();
-            if (candidates.Length < threads.Count)
-            {
-                Array.Resize(ref candidates, threads.Count);
-            }
-            
-            int validCount = 0;
-            
-            for (int i = 0; i < threads.Count; i++)
-            {
-                if (predicate(threads[i], address))
-                {
-                    candidates[validCount++] = threads[i];
-                }
-            }
-            
-            Span<KThread> candidatesSpan = candidates.AsSpan(..validCount);
-            
-            candidatesSpan.Sort((x, y) => (x.DynamicPriority.CompareTo(y.DynamicPriority)));
+            int validCount = count > 0 ? Math.Min(count, threads.Count) : threads.Count;
 
-            if (count > 0)
-            {
-                candidatesSpan = candidatesSpan[..Math.Min(count, candidatesSpan.Length)];
-            }
-
-            foreach (KThread thread in candidatesSpan)
+            for (int i = 0; i < validCount; i++)
             {
+                KThread thread = threads[i];
                 removeCallback(thread);
-                threads.Remove(thread);
             }
             
-            _threadArrayPool.Release(candidates);
-            
+            threads.RemoveRange(0, validCount);
+
             return validCount;
         }
+        
+        private class ByDynamicPriority : IComparer<KThread>
+        {
+            public int Compare(KThread x, KThread y)
+            {
+                return x!.DynamicPriority.CompareTo(y!.DynamicPriority);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Threading/KThread.cs

@@ -61,8 +61,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
 
         public KSynchronizationObject SignaledObj { get; set; }
 
-        public ulong CondVarAddress { get; set; }
-
         private ulong _entrypoint;
         private ThreadStart _customThreadStart;
         private bool _forcedUnschedulable;

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/IpcService.cs

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services
         private int _selfId;
         private bool _isDomain;
 
+        // cache array so we don't recreate it all the time
+        private object[] _parameters = [null];
+
         public IpcService(ServerBase server = null, bool registerTipc = false)
         {
             Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
@@ -146,7 +149,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services
                 {
                     Logger.Trace?.Print(LogClass.KernelIpc, $"{service.GetType().Name}: {processRequest.Name}");
 
-                    result = (ResultCode)processRequest.Invoke(service, [context]);
+                    _parameters[0] = context;
+                    
+                    result = (ResultCode)processRequest.Invoke(service, _parameters);
                 }
                 else
                 {
@@ -196,7 +201,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services
                 {
                     Logger.Debug?.Print(LogClass.KernelIpc, $"{GetType().Name}: {processRequest.Name}");
 
-                    result = (ResultCode)processRequest.Invoke(this, [context]);
+                    _parameters[0] = context;
+                    
+                    result = (ResultCode)processRequest.Invoke(this, _parameters);
                 }
                 else
                 {

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Nv/INvDrvServices.cs

@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Nv
 
         // TODO: This should call set:sys::GetDebugModeFlag
         private readonly bool _debugModeEnabled = false;
+        
+        private byte[] _ioctl2Buffer = [];
+        private byte[] _ioctlArgumentBuffer = [];
+        private byte[] _ioctl3Buffer = [];
 
         public INvDrvServices(ServiceCtx context) : base(context.Device.System.NvDrvServer)
         {
@@ -128,27 +132,38 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Nv
 
                 if (!context.Memory.TryReadUnsafe(inputDataPosition, (int)inputDataSize, out arguments))
                 {
-                    arguments = new byte[inputDataSize];
+                    if (_ioctlArgumentBuffer.Length < (int)inputDataSize)
+                    {
+                        Array.Resize(ref _ioctlArgumentBuffer, (int)inputDataSize);
+                    }
+                    
+                    arguments = _ioctlArgumentBuffer.AsSpan(0, (int)inputDataSize);
+
                     context.Memory.Read(inputDataPosition, arguments);
                 }
-                else
-                {
-                    arguments = arguments.ToArray();
-                }
             }
             else if (isWrite)
             {
-                byte[] outputData = new byte[outputDataSize];
-
-                arguments = new Span<byte>(outputData);
+                if (_ioctlArgumentBuffer.Length < (int)outputDataSize)
+                {
+                    Array.Resize(ref _ioctlArgumentBuffer, (int)outputDataSize);
+                }
+                    
+                arguments = _ioctlArgumentBuffer.AsSpan(0, (int)outputDataSize);
             }
             else
             {
-                byte[] temp = new byte[inputDataSize];
+                if (!context.Memory.TryReadUnsafe(inputDataPosition, (int)inputDataSize, out arguments))
+                {
+                    if (_ioctlArgumentBuffer.Length < (int)inputDataSize)
+                    {
+                        Array.Resize(ref _ioctlArgumentBuffer, (int)inputDataSize);
+                    }
+                    
+                    arguments = _ioctlArgumentBuffer.AsSpan(0, (int)inputDataSize);
 
-                context.Memory.Read(inputDataPosition, temp);
-
-                arguments = new Span<byte>(temp);
+                    context.Memory.Read(inputDataPosition, arguments);
+                }
             }
 
             return NvResult.Success;
@@ -270,7 +285,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Nv
 
                         if ((ioctlCommand.DirectionValue & NvIoctl.Direction.Write) != 0)
                         {
-                            context.Memory.Write(context.Request.GetBufferType0x22(0).Position, arguments.ToArray());
+                            context.Memory.Write(context.Request.GetBufferType0x22(0).Position, arguments);
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -474,13 +489,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Nv
 
                 errorCode = GetIoctlArgument(context, ioctlCommand, out Span<byte> arguments);
                 
-                byte[] inlineInBuffer = null;
-                
                 if (!context.Memory.TryReadUnsafe(inlineInBufferPosition, (int)inlineInBufferSize, out Span<byte> inlineInBufferSpan))
                 {
-                    inlineInBuffer = _byteArrayPool.Rent((int)inlineInBufferSize);
-                    inlineInBufferSpan = inlineInBuffer;
-                    context.Memory.Read(inlineInBufferPosition, inlineInBufferSpan[..(int)inlineInBufferSize]);
+                    if (_ioctl2Buffer.Length < (int)inlineInBufferSize)
+                    {
+                        Array.Resize(ref _ioctl2Buffer, (int)inlineInBufferSize);
+                    }
+                    
+                    inlineInBufferSpan = _ioctl2Buffer.AsSpan(0, (int)inlineInBufferSize);
+                    context.Memory.Read(inlineInBufferPosition, inlineInBufferSpan);
                 }
 
                 if (errorCode == NvResult.Success)
@@ -489,7 +506,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Nv
 
                     if (errorCode == NvResult.Success)
                     {
-                        NvInternalResult internalResult = deviceFile.Ioctl2(ioctlCommand, arguments, inlineInBufferSpan[..(int)inlineInBufferSize]);
+                        NvInternalResult internalResult = deviceFile.Ioctl2(ioctlCommand, arguments, inlineInBufferSpan);
 
                         if (internalResult == NvInternalResult.NotImplemented)
                         {
@@ -500,15 +517,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Nv
 
                         if ((ioctlCommand.DirectionValue & NvIoctl.Direction.Write) != 0)
                         {
-                            context.Memory.Write(context.Request.GetBufferType0x22(0).Position, arguments.ToArray());
+                            context.Memory.Write(context.Request.GetBufferType0x22(0).Position, arguments);
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                
-                if (inlineInBuffer is not null)
-                {
-                    _byteArrayPool.Return(inlineInBuffer);
-                }
             }
 
             context.ResponseData.Write((uint)errorCode);
@@ -531,13 +543,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Nv
 
                 errorCode = GetIoctlArgument(context, ioctlCommand, out Span<byte> arguments);
                 
-                byte[] inlineOutBuffer = null;
-                
                 if (!context.Memory.TryReadUnsafe(inlineOutBufferPosition, (int)inlineOutBufferSize, out Span<byte> inlineOutBufferSpan))
                 {
-                    inlineOutBuffer = _byteArrayPool.Rent((int)inlineOutBufferSize);
-                    inlineOutBufferSpan = inlineOutBuffer;
-                    context.Memory.Read(inlineOutBufferPosition, inlineOutBufferSpan[..(int)inlineOutBufferSize]);
+                    if (_ioctl3Buffer.Length < (int)inlineOutBufferSize)
+                    {
+                        Array.Resize(ref _ioctl3Buffer, (int)inlineOutBufferSize);
+                    }
+                    
+                    inlineOutBufferSpan = _ioctl3Buffer.AsSpan(0, (int)inlineOutBufferSize);
+                    context.Memory.Read(inlineOutBufferPosition, inlineOutBufferSpan);
                 }
 
                 if (errorCode == NvResult.Success)
@@ -546,7 +560,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Nv
 
                     if (errorCode == NvResult.Success)
                     {
-                        NvInternalResult internalResult = deviceFile.Ioctl3(ioctlCommand, arguments, inlineOutBufferSpan[..(int)inlineOutBufferSize]);
+                        NvInternalResult internalResult = deviceFile.Ioctl3(ioctlCommand, arguments, inlineOutBufferSpan);
 
                         if (internalResult == NvInternalResult.NotImplemented)
                         {
@@ -557,16 +571,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Nv
 
                         if ((ioctlCommand.DirectionValue & NvIoctl.Direction.Write) != 0)
                         {
-                            context.Memory.Write(context.Request.GetBufferType0x22(0).Position, arguments.ToArray());
-                            context.Memory.Write(inlineOutBufferPosition, inlineOutBufferSpan[..(int)inlineOutBufferSize].ToArray());
+                            context.Memory.Write(context.Request.GetBufferType0x22(0).Position, arguments);
+                            context.Memory.Write(inlineOutBufferPosition, inlineOutBufferSpan);
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                
-                if (inlineOutBuffer is not null)
-                {
-                    _byteArrayPool.Return(inlineOutBuffer);
-                }
             }
 
             context.ResponseData.Write((uint)errorCode);

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/ServerBase.cs

@@ -454,8 +454,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services
 
                 response.RawData = _responseDataStream.ToArray();
 
-                using RecyclableMemoryStream responseStream = response.GetStreamTipc();
+                RecyclableMemoryStream responseStream = response.GetStreamTipc();
                 _selfProcess.CpuMemory.Write(_selfThread.TlsAddress, responseStream.GetReadOnlySequence());
+                MemoryStreamManager.Shared.ReleaseStream(responseStream);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -464,8 +465,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services
 
             if (!isTipcCommunication)
             {
-                using RecyclableMemoryStream responseStream = response.GetStream((long)_selfThread.TlsAddress, recvListAddr | ((ulong)PointerBufferSize << 48));
+                RecyclableMemoryStream responseStream = response.GetStream((long)_selfThread.TlsAddress, recvListAddr | ((ulong)PointerBufferSize << 48));
                 _selfProcess.CpuMemory.Write(_selfThread.TlsAddress, responseStream.GetReadOnlySequence());
+                MemoryStreamManager.Shared.ReleaseStream(responseStream);
             }
 
             return shouldReply;

src/Ryujinx.Horizon/Sdk/OsTypes/Impl/MultiWaitImpl.cs

@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Horizon.Sdk.OsTypes.Impl
         private int _waitingThreadHandle;
 
         private MultiWaitHolderBase _signaledHolder;
+        
+        ObjectPool<int[]> _objectHandlePool = new(() => new int[64]);
+        ObjectPool<MultiWaitHolderBase[]> _objectPool = new(() => new MultiWaitHolderBase[64]);
 
         public long CurrentTime { get; private set; }
 
@@ -76,11 +79,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Horizon.Sdk.OsTypes.Impl
 
         private MultiWaitHolderBase WaitAnyHandleImpl(bool infinite, long timeout)
         {
-            Span<int> objectHandles = new int[64];
+            int[] objectHandles = _objectHandlePool.Allocate();
+            Span<int> objectHandlesSpan = objectHandles;
+            objectHandlesSpan.Clear();
 
-            Span<MultiWaitHolderBase> objects = new MultiWaitHolderBase[64];
+            MultiWaitHolderBase[] objects = _objectPool.Allocate();
+            Span<MultiWaitHolderBase> objectsSpan = objects;
+            objectsSpan.Clear();
 
-            int count = FillObjectsArray(objectHandles, objects);
+            int count = FillObjectsArray(objectHandlesSpan, objectsSpan);
 
             long endTime = infinite ? long.MaxValue : PerformanceCounter.ElapsedMilliseconds * 1000000;
 
@@ -98,7 +105,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Horizon.Sdk.OsTypes.Impl
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    index = WaitSynchronization(objectHandles[..count], minTimeout);
+                    index = WaitSynchronization(objectHandlesSpan[..count], minTimeout);
 
                     DebugUtil.Assert(index != WaitInvalid);
                 }
@@ -116,12 +123,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Horizon.Sdk.OsTypes.Impl
                                 {
                                     _signaledHolder = minTimeoutObject;
 
+                                    _objectHandlePool.Release(objectHandles);
+                                    _objectPool.Release(objects);
+                                    
                                     return _signaledHolder;
                                 }
                             }
                         }
                         else
                         {
+                            _objectHandlePool.Release(objectHandles);
+                            _objectPool.Release(objects);
+                            
                             return null;
                         }
 
@@ -131,6 +144,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Horizon.Sdk.OsTypes.Impl
                         {
                             if (_signaledHolder != null)
                             {
+                                _objectHandlePool.Release(objectHandles);
+                                _objectPool.Release(objects);
+                                
                                 return _signaledHolder;
                             }
                         }
@@ -139,8 +155,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Horizon.Sdk.OsTypes.Impl
                     default:
                         lock (_lock)
                         {
-                            _signaledHolder = objects[index];
+                            _signaledHolder = objectsSpan[index];
 
+                            _objectHandlePool.Release(objectHandles);
+                            _objectPool.Release(objects);
+                            
                             return _signaledHolder;
                         }
                 }

src/Ryujinx.Input/HLE/NpadController.cs

@@ -532,8 +532,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input.HLE
 
                 hidKeyboard.Modifier |= value << entry.Target;
             }
-            
-            ArrayPool<bool>.Shared.Return(keyboardState.KeysState);
 
             return hidKeyboard;
 

src/Ryujinx.Input/HLE/NpadManager.cs

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input.HLE
 {
     public class NpadManager : IDisposable
     {
-        private static readonly ObjectPool<List<SixAxisInput>> _hleMotionStatesPool = new (() => new List<SixAxisInput>(NpadDevices.MaxControllers));
         private readonly CemuHookClient _cemuHookClient;
 
         private readonly Lock _lock = new();
@@ -40,6 +39,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input.HLE
         private bool _enableKeyboard;
         private bool _enableMouse;
         private Switch _device;
+        
+        private readonly List<GamepadInput> _hleInputStates = [];
+        private readonly List<SixAxisInput> _hleMotionStates = new(NpadDevices.MaxControllers);
 
         public NpadManager(IGamepadDriver keyboardDriver, IGamepadDriver gamepadDriver, IGamepadDriver mouseDriver)
         {
@@ -217,8 +219,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input.HLE
         {
             lock (_lock)
             {
-                List<GamepadInput> hleInputStates = [];
-                List<SixAxisInput> hleMotionStates = _hleMotionStatesPool.Allocate();
+                _hleInputStates.Clear();
+                _hleMotionStates.Clear();
 
                 KeyboardInput? hleKeyboardInput = null;
 
@@ -260,14 +262,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input.HLE
                     inputState.PlayerId = playerIndex;
                     motionState.Item1.PlayerId = playerIndex;
 
-                    hleInputStates.Add(inputState);
-                    hleMotionStates.Add(motionState.Item1);
+                    _hleInputStates.Add(inputState);
+                    _hleMotionStates.Add(motionState.Item1);
 
                     if (isJoyconPair && !motionState.Item2.Equals(default))
                     {
                         motionState.Item2.PlayerId = playerIndex;
 
-                        hleMotionStates.Add(motionState.Item2);
+                        _hleMotionStates.Add(motionState.Item2);
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -276,8 +278,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input.HLE
                     hleKeyboardInput = NpadController.GetHLEKeyboardInput(_keyboardDriver);
                 }
 
-                _device.Hid.Npads.Update(hleInputStates);
-                _device.Hid.Npads.UpdateSixAxis(hleMotionStates);
+                _device.Hid.Npads.Update(_hleInputStates);
+                _device.Hid.Npads.UpdateSixAxis(_hleMotionStates);
 
                 if (hleKeyboardInput.HasValue)
                 {
@@ -328,10 +330,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input.HLE
                     _device.Hid.Mouse.Update(0, 0);
                 }
 
-                _device.TamperMachine.UpdateInput(hleInputStates);
-                
-                hleMotionStates.Clear();
-                _hleMotionStatesPool.Release(hleMotionStates);
+                _device.TamperMachine.UpdateInput(_hleInputStates);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Input/IKeyboard.cs

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input
     /// </summary>
     public interface IKeyboard : IGamepad
     {
+        private static bool[] _keyState;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Check if a given key is pressed on the keyboard.
         /// </summary>
@@ -29,15 +31,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
         static KeyboardStateSnapshot GetStateSnapshot(IKeyboard keyboard)
         {
+            if (_keyState is null)
+            {
+                _keyState = new bool[(int)Key.Count];
+            }
             
-            bool[] keysState = ArrayPool<bool>.Shared.Rent((int)Key.Count);
-
             for (Key key = 0; key < Key.Count; key++)
             {
-                keysState[(int)key] = keyboard.IsPressed(key);
+                _keyState[(int)key] = keyboard.IsPressed(key);
             }
 
-            return new KeyboardStateSnapshot(keysState);
+            return new KeyboardStateSnapshot(_keyState);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Memory/Range/INonOverlappingRange.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
     /// <summary>
     /// Range of memory that can be split in two.
     /// </summary>
-    public interface INonOverlappingRange : IRange
+    public interface INonOverlappingRange<T> : IRangeListRange<T> where T : class, IRangeListRange<T>
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// Split this region into two, around the specified address. 
@@ -11,6 +11,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="splitAddress">Address to split the region around</param>
         /// <returns>The second part of the split region, with start address at the given split.</returns>
-        public INonOverlappingRange Split(ulong splitAddress);
+        public INonOverlappingRange<T> Split(ulong splitAddress);
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Memory/Range/IRange.cs

@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         /// Check if this range overlaps with another.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Base address</param>
-        /// <param name="size">Size of the range</param>
+        /// <param name="endAddress">EndAddress of the range</param>
         /// <returns>True if overlapping, false otherwise</returns>
-        bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong size);
+        bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong endAddress);
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Memory/Range/NonOverlappingRangeList.cs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
     /// A range list that assumes ranges are non-overlapping, with list items that can be split in two to avoid overlaps.
     /// </summary>
     /// <typeparam name="T">Type of the range.</typeparam>
-    public unsafe class NonOverlappingRangeList<T> : RangeListBase<T> where T : class, INonOverlappingRange
+    public class NonOverlappingRangeList<T> : RangeListBase<T> where T : class, INonOverlappingRange<T>
     {
         public readonly ReaderWriterLockSlim Lock = new();
         
@@ -32,83 +32,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         /// <param name="item">The item to be added</param>
         public override void Add(T item)
         {
+            Debug.Assert(item.Address != item.EndAddress);
+            
             int index = BinarySearch(item.Address);
             
             if (index < 0)
             {
                 index = ~index;
             }
-
-            RangeItem<T> rangeItem = _rangeItemPool.Allocate().Set(item);
-            
-            Insert(index, rangeItem);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Updates an item's end address on the list. Address must be the same.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="item">The item to be updated</param>
-        /// <returns>True if the item was located and updated, false otherwise</returns>
-        protected override bool Update(T item)
-        {
-            int index = BinarySearch(item.Address);
-
-            if (index >= 0 && Items[index].Value.Equals(item))
-            {
-                RangeItem<T> rangeItem = new(item) { Previous = Items[index].Previous, Next = Items[index].Next };
-                
-                if (index > 0)
-                {
-                    Items[index - 1].Next = rangeItem;
-                }
-
-                if (index < Count - 1)
-                {
-                    Items[index + 1].Previous = rangeItem;
-                }
-                
-                Items[index] = rangeItem;
-
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            return false;
-        }
-        
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Updates an item's end address on the list. Address must be the same.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="item">The RangeItem to be updated</param>
-        /// <returns>True if the item was located and updated, false otherwise</returns>
-        protected override bool Update(RangeItem<T> item)
-        {
-            int index = BinarySearch(item.Address);
-
-            RangeItem<T> rangeItem = new(item.Value) { Previous = item.Previous, Next = item.Next };
-                
-            if (index > 0)
-            {
-                Items[index - 1].Next = rangeItem;
-            }
-
-            if (index < Count - 1)
-            {
-                Items[index + 1].Previous = rangeItem;
-            }
-                
-            Items[index] = rangeItem;
-
-            return true;
-        }
-        
-        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        private void Insert(int index, RangeItem<T> item)
-        {
-            Debug.Assert(item.Address != item.EndAddress);
             
             if (Count + 1 > Items.Length)
             {
-                Array.Resize(ref Items, Items.Length + BackingGrowthSize);
+                Array.Resize(ref Items, (int)(Items.Length * 1.5));
             }
 
             if (index >= Count)
@@ -145,8 +80,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
         private void RemoveAt(int index)
         {
-            _rangeItemPool.Release(Items[index]);
-            
             if (index < Count - 1)
             {
                 Items[index + 1].Previous = index > 0 ? Items[index - 1] : null;
@@ -173,7 +106,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         {
             int index = BinarySearch(item.Address);
 
-            if (index >= 0 && Items[index].Value.Equals(item))
+            if (index >= 0 && Items[index] == item)
             {
                 RemoveAt(index);
                 
@@ -188,7 +121,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="startItem">The first item in the range of items to be removed</param>
         /// <param name="endItem">The last item in the range of items to be removed</param>
-        public override void RemoveRange(RangeItem<T> startItem, RangeItem<T> endItem)
+        public override void RemoveRange(T startItem, T endItem)
         {
             if (startItem is null)
             {
@@ -197,7 +130,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
 
             if (startItem == endItem)
             {
-                Remove(startItem.Value);
+                Remove(startItem);
                 return;
             }
             
@@ -229,42 +162,45 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         /// <param name="size">Size of the range</param>
         public void RemoveRange(ulong address, ulong size)
         {
-            int startIndex = BinarySearchLeftEdge(address, address + size);
+            (int startIndex, int endIndex) = BinarySearchEdges(address, address + size);
             
             if (startIndex < 0)
             {
                 return;
             }
             
-            int endIndex = startIndex;
-            
-            while (Items[endIndex] is not null && Items[endIndex].Address < address + size)
+            if (startIndex == endIndex - 1)
             {
-                if (endIndex == Count - 1)
-                {
-                    break;
-                }
-                
-                endIndex++;
+                RemoveAt(startIndex);
+                return;
             }
             
-            if (endIndex < Count - 1)
+            RemoveRangeInternal(startIndex, endIndex);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes a range of items from the item list
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Start index of the range</param>
+        /// <param name="endIndex">End index of the range (exclusive)</param>
+        private void RemoveRangeInternal(int index, int endIndex)
+        {
+            if (endIndex < Count)
             {
-                Items[endIndex + 1].Previous = startIndex > 0 ? Items[startIndex - 1] : null;
+                Items[endIndex].Previous = index > 0 ? Items[index - 1] : null;
             }
 
-            if (startIndex > 0)
+            if (index > 0)
             {
-                Items[startIndex - 1].Next = endIndex < Count - 1 ? Items[endIndex + 1] : null;
+                Items[index - 1].Next = endIndex < Count ? Items[endIndex] : null;
             }
             
-            
-            if (endIndex < Count - 1)
+            if (endIndex < Count)
             {
-                Array.Copy(Items, endIndex + 1, Items, startIndex, Count - endIndex - 1);
+                Array.Copy(Items, endIndex, Items, index, Count - endIndex);
             }
             
-            Count -= endIndex - startIndex + 1;
+            Count -= endIndex - index;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -296,8 +232,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
             // So we need to return both the split 0-1 and 1-2 ranges.
             
             Lock.EnterWriteLock();
-            (RangeItem<T> first, RangeItem<T> last) = FindOverlapsAsNodes(address, size);
-            list = new List<T>();
+            (T first, T last) = FindOverlapsAsNodes(address, size);
+            list = [];
             
             if (first is null)
             {
@@ -311,42 +247,41 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
                 ulong lastAddress = address;
                 ulong endAddress = address + size;
 
-                RangeItem<T> current = first;
+                T current = first;
                 while (last is not null && current is not null && current.Address < endAddress)
                 {
-                    T region = current.Value;
-                    if (first == last && region.Address == address && region.Size == size)
+                    if (first == last && current.Address == address && current.Size == size)
                     {
                         // Exact match, no splitting required.
-                        list.Add(region);
+                        list.Add(current);
                         Lock.ExitWriteLock();
                         return;
                     }
 
-                    if (lastAddress < region.Address)
+                    if (lastAddress < current.Address)
                     {
                         // There is a gap between this region and the last. We need to fill it.
-                        T fillRegion = factory(lastAddress, region.Address - lastAddress);
+                        T fillRegion = factory(lastAddress, current.Address - lastAddress);
                         list.Add(fillRegion);
                         Add(fillRegion);
                     }
 
-                    if (region.Address < address)
+                    if (current.Address < address)
                     {
                         // Split the region around our base address and take the high half.
 
-                        region = Split(region, address);
+                        current = Split(current, address);
                     }
 
-                    if (region.EndAddress > address + size)
+                    if (current.EndAddress > address + size)
                     {
                         // Split the region around our end address and take the low half.
 
-                        Split(region, address + size);
+                        Split(current, address + size);
                     }
 
-                    list.Add(region);
-                    lastAddress = region.EndAddress;
+                    list.Add(current);
+                    lastAddress = current.EndAddress;
                     current = current.Next;
                 }
 
@@ -374,7 +309,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         private T Split(T region, ulong splitAddress)
         {
             T newRegion = (T)region.Split(splitAddress);
-            Update(region);
             Add(newRegion);
             return newRegion;
         }
@@ -386,16 +320,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
         /// <returns>The leftmost overlapping item, or null if none is found</returns>
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        public override RangeItem<T> FindOverlap(ulong address, ulong size)
+        public override T FindOverlap(ulong address, ulong size)
         {
             int index = BinarySearchLeftEdge(address, address + size);
 
-            if (index < 0)
-            {
-                return null;
-            }
-
-            return Items[index];
+            return index < 0 ? null : Items[index];
         }
         
         /// <summary>
@@ -405,16 +334,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
         /// <returns>The overlapping item, or null if none is found</returns>
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        public override RangeItem<T> FindOverlapFast(ulong address, ulong size)
+        public override T FindOverlapFast(ulong address, ulong size)
         {
             int index = BinarySearch(address, address + size);
 
-            if (index < 0)
-            {
-                return null;
-            }
-
-            return Items[index];
+            return index < 0 ? null : Items[index];
         }
         
         /// <summary>
@@ -424,23 +348,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
         /// <returns>The first and last overlapping items, or null if none are found</returns>
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        public (RangeItem<T>, RangeItem<T>) FindOverlapsAsNodes(ulong address, ulong size)
+        public (T, T) FindOverlapsAsNodes(ulong address, ulong size)
         {
             (int index, int endIndex) = BinarySearchEdges(address, address + size);
 
-            if (index < 0)
-            {
-                return (null, null);
-            }
-            
-            return (Items[index], Items[endIndex - 1]);
+            return index < 0 ? (null, null) : (Items[index], Items[endIndex - 1]);
         }
         
-        public RangeItem<T>[] FindOverlapsAsArray(ulong address, ulong size, out int length)
+        public T[] FindOverlapsAsArray(ulong address, ulong size, out int length)
         {
             (int index, int endIndex) = BinarySearchEdges(address, address + size);
 
-            RangeItem<T>[] result;
+            T[] result;
             
             if (index < 0)
             {
@@ -449,29 +368,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
             }
             else
             {
-                result = ArrayPool<RangeItem<T>>.Shared.Rent(endIndex - index);
+                result = ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Rent(endIndex - index);
                 length = endIndex - index;
                 
-                Array.Copy(Items, index, result, 0, endIndex - index);
+                Items.AsSpan(index, endIndex - index).CopyTo(result);
             }
             
             return result;
         }
         
-        public Span<RangeItem<T>> FindOverlapsAsSpan(ulong address, ulong size)
+        public ReadOnlySpan<T> FindOverlapsAsSpan(ulong address, ulong size)
         {
             (int index, int endIndex) = BinarySearchEdges(address, address + size);
 
-            Span<RangeItem<T>> result;
-            
-            if (index < 0)
-            {
-                result = [];
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                result = Items.AsSpan().Slice(index, endIndex - index);
-            }
+            ReadOnlySpan<T> result = index < 0 ? [] : Items.AsSpan(index, endIndex - index);
             
             return result;
         }
@@ -480,7 +390,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < Count; i++)
             {
-                yield return Items[i].Value;
+                yield return Items[i];
             }
         }
     }

src/Ryujinx.Memory/Range/RangeList.cs

@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
     /// startIndex is inclusive.
     /// endIndex is exclusive.
     /// </remarks>
-    public readonly struct OverlapResult<T> where T : IRange
+    public readonly struct OverlapResult<T> where T : class, IRangeListRange<T>
     {
         public readonly int StartIndex = -1;
         public readonly int EndIndex = -1;
-        public readonly RangeItem<T> QuickResult;
+        public readonly T QuickResult;
         public int Count => EndIndex - StartIndex;
 
-        public OverlapResult(int startIndex, int endIndex, RangeItem<T> quickResult = null)
+        public OverlapResult(int startIndex, int endIndex, T quickResult = null)
         {
             this.StartIndex = startIndex;
             this.EndIndex = endIndex;
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
     /// Sorted list of ranges that supports binary search.
     /// </summary>
     /// <typeparam name="T">Type of the range.</typeparam>
-    public class RangeList<T> : RangeListBase<T> where T : IRange
+    public class RangeList<T> : RangeListBase<T> where T : class, IRangeListRange<T>
     {
         public readonly ReaderWriterLockSlim Lock = new();
 
@@ -61,104 +61,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
                 index = ~index;
             }
 
-            Insert(index, new RangeItem<T>(item));
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Updates an item's end address on the list. Address must be the same.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="item">The item to be updated</param>
-        /// <returns>True if the item was located and updated, false otherwise</returns>
-        protected override bool Update(T item)
-        {
-            int index = BinarySearch(item.Address);
-
-            if (index >= 0)
-            {
-                while (index < Count)
-                {
-                    if (Items[index].Value.Equals(item))
-                    {
-                        RangeItem<T> rangeItem = new(item) { Previous = Items[index].Previous, Next = Items[index].Next };
-                        
-                        if (index > 0)
-                        {
-                            Items[index - 1].Next = rangeItem;
-                        }
-
-                        if (index < Count - 1)
-                        {
-                            Items[index + 1].Previous = rangeItem;
-                        }
-                        
-                        Items[index] = rangeItem;
-
-                        return true;
-                    }
-
-                    if (Items[index].Address > item.Address)
-                    {
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    index++;
-                }
-            }
-
-            return false;
-        }
-        
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Updates an item's end address on the list. Address must be the same.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="item">The RangeItem to be updated</param>
-        /// <returns>True if the item was located and updated, false otherwise</returns>
-        protected override bool Update(RangeItem<T> item)
-        {
-            int index = BinarySearch(item.Address);
-
-            if (index >= 0)
-            {
-                while (index < Count)
-                {
-                    if (Items[index].Equals(item))
-                    {
-                        RangeItem<T> rangeItem = new(item.Value) { Previous = item.Previous, Next = item.Next };
-                        
-                        if (index > 0)
-                        {
-                            Items[index - 1].Next = rangeItem;
-                        }
-
-                        if (index < Count - 1)
-                        {
-                            Items[index + 1].Previous = rangeItem;
-                        }
-                        
-                        Items[index] = rangeItem;
-
-                        return true;
-                    }
-
-                    if (Items[index].Address > item.Address)
-                    {
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    index++;
-                }
-            }
-
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        private void Insert(int index, RangeItem<T> item)
-        {
-            Debug.Assert(item.Address != item.EndAddress);
-            
-            Debug.Assert(item.Address % 32 == 0);
-            
             if (Count + 1 > Items.Length)
             {
                 Array.Resize(ref Items, Items.Length + BackingGrowthSize);
@@ -220,7 +122,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         /// <param name="startItem">The first item in the range of items to be removed</param>
         /// <param name="endItem">The last item in the range of items to be removed</param>
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        public override void RemoveRange(RangeItem<T> startItem, RangeItem<T> endItem)
+        public override void RemoveRange(T startItem, T endItem)
         {
             if (startItem is null)
             {
@@ -229,30 +131,29 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
 
             if (startItem == endItem)
             {
-                Remove(startItem.Value);
+                Remove(startItem);
                 return;
             }
             
-            int startIndex = BinarySearch(startItem.Address);
-            int endIndex = BinarySearch(endItem.Address);
+            (int index, int endIndex) = BinarySearchEdges(startItem.Address, endItem.EndAddress);
             
-            if (endIndex < Count - 1)
+            if (endIndex < Count)
             {
-                Items[endIndex + 1].Previous = startIndex > 0 ? Items[startIndex - 1] : null;
+                Items[endIndex].Previous = index > 0 ? Items[index - 1] : null;
             }
 
-            if (startIndex > 0)
+            if (index > 0)
             {
-                Items[startIndex - 1].Next = endIndex < Count - 1 ? Items[endIndex + 1] : null;
+                Items[index - 1].Next = endIndex < Count ? Items[endIndex] : null;
             }
             
             
-            if (endIndex < Count - 1)
+            if (endIndex < Count)
             {
-                Array.Copy(Items, endIndex + 1, Items, startIndex, Count - endIndex - 1);
+                Array.Copy(Items, endIndex, Items, index, Count - endIndex);
             }
             
-            Count -= endIndex - startIndex + 1;
+            Count -= endIndex - index;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -268,7 +169,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
             {
                 while (index < Count)
                 {
-                    if (Items[index].Value.Equals(item))
+                    if (Items[index] == item)
                     {
                         RemoveAt(index);
 
@@ -298,7 +199,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
         /// <returns>The overlapping item, or the default value for the type if none found</returns>
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        public override RangeItem<T> FindOverlap(ulong address, ulong size)
+        public override T FindOverlap(ulong address, ulong size)
         {
             int index = BinarySearchLeftEdge(address, address + size);
 
@@ -321,7 +222,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
         /// <returns>The overlapping item, or the default value for the type if none found</returns>
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        public override RangeItem<T> FindOverlapFast(ulong address, ulong size)
+        public override T FindOverlapFast(ulong address, ulong size)
         {
             int index = BinarySearch(address, address + size);
 
@@ -340,7 +241,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
         /// <param name="output">Output array where matches will be written. It is automatically resized to fit the results</param>
         /// <returns>Range information of overlapping items found</returns>
-        private OverlapResult<T> FindOverlaps(ulong address, ulong size, ref RangeItem<T>[] output)
+        private OverlapResult<T> FindOverlaps(ulong address, ulong size, ref T[] output)
         {
             int outputCount = 0;
 
@@ -353,7 +254,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
 
             for (int i = startIndex; i < Count; i++)
             {
-                ref RangeItem<T> item = ref Items[i];
+                T item = Items[i];
 
                 if (item.Address >= endAddress)
                 {
@@ -398,7 +299,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < Count; i++)
             {
-                yield return Items[i].Value;
+                yield return Items[i];
             }
         }
     }

src/Ryujinx.Memory/Range/RangeListBase.cs

@@ -1,56 +1,22 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using System;
 using System.Collections;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
 {
-    public class RangeItem<TValue> where TValue : IRange
+    public interface IRangeListRange<TValue> : IRange where TValue : class, IRangeListRange<TValue>
     {
-        public RangeItem<TValue> Next;
-        public RangeItem<TValue> Previous;
-        
-        public ulong Address;
-        public ulong EndAddress;
-
-        public TValue Value;
-        
-        public RangeItem()
-        {
-            
-        }
-        
-        public RangeItem(TValue value)
-        {
-            Address = value.Address;
-            EndAddress = value.Address + value.Size;
-            Value = value;
-        }
-
-        public RangeItem<TValue> Set(TValue value)
-        {
-            Next = null;
-            Previous = null;
-            Address = value.Address;
-            EndAddress = value.Address + value.Size;
-            Value = value;
-            
-            return this;
-        }
-
-        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        public bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong endAddress)
-        {
-            return Address < endAddress && address < EndAddress;
-        }
+        public TValue Next { get; set; }
+        public TValue Previous { get; set; }
     }
     
-    public unsafe abstract class RangeListBase<T> : IEnumerable<T> where T : IRange
+    public unsafe abstract class RangeListBase<T> : IEnumerable<T> where T : class, IRangeListRange<T>
     {
-        protected static readonly ObjectPool<RangeItem<T>> _rangeItemPool = new(() => new RangeItem<T>());
         private const int BackingInitialSize = 1024;
 
-        protected RangeItem<T>[] Items;
+        protected T[] Items;
         protected readonly int BackingGrowthSize;
         
         public int Count { get; protected set; }
@@ -62,32 +28,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
         protected RangeListBase(int backingInitialSize = BackingInitialSize)
         {
             BackingGrowthSize = backingInitialSize;
-            Items = new RangeItem<T>[backingInitialSize];
+            Items = new T[backingInitialSize];
         }
         
         public abstract void Add(T item);
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Updates an item's end address on the list. Address must be the same.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="item">The item to be updated</param>
-        /// <returns>True if the item was located and updated, false otherwise</returns>
-        protected abstract bool Update(T item);
-        
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Updates an item's end address on the list. Address must be the same.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="item">The RangeItem to be updated</param>
-        /// <returns>True if the item was located and updated, false otherwise</returns>
-        protected abstract bool Update(RangeItem<T> item);
         
         public abstract bool Remove(T item);
 
-        public abstract void RemoveRange(RangeItem<T> startItem, RangeItem<T> endItem);
+        public abstract void RemoveRange(T startItem, T endItem);
 
-        public abstract RangeItem<T> FindOverlap(ulong address, ulong size);
+        public abstract T FindOverlap(ulong address, ulong size);
         
-        public abstract RangeItem<T> FindOverlapFast(ulong address, ulong size);
+        public abstract T FindOverlapFast(ulong address, ulong size);
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Performs binary search on the internal list of items.
@@ -106,7 +58,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
 
                 int middle = left + (range >> 1);
 
-                ref RangeItem<T> item = ref Items[middle];
+                T item = Items[middle];
 
                 if (item.Address == address)
                 {
@@ -144,7 +96,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
 
                 int middle = left + (range >> 1);
 
-                ref RangeItem<T> item = ref Items[middle];
+                T item = Items[middle];
 
                 if (item.OverlapsWith(address, endAddress))
                 {
@@ -185,7 +137,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
 
                 int middle = left + (range >> 1);
 
-                ref RangeItem<T> item = ref Items[middle];
+                T item = Items[middle];
 
                 bool match = item.OverlapsWith(address, endAddress);
 
@@ -237,7 +189,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
 
                 int middle = right - (range >> 1);
 
-                ref RangeItem<T> item = ref Items[middle];
+                T item = Items[middle];
 
                 bool match = item.OverlapsWith(address, endAddress);
 
@@ -282,7 +234,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
 
             if (Count == 1)
             {
-                ref RangeItem<T> item = ref Items[0];
+                T item = Items[0];
 
                 if (item.OverlapsWith(address, endAddress))
                 {
@@ -312,7 +264,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
 
                 int middle = left + (range >> 1);
 
-                ref RangeItem<T> item = ref Items[middle];
+                T item = Items[middle];
 
                 bool match = item.OverlapsWith(address, endAddress);
 
@@ -369,7 +321,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Range
 
                 int middle = right - (range >> 1);
 
-                ref RangeItem<T> item = ref Items[middle];
+                T item = Items[middle];
 
                 bool match = item.OverlapsWith(address, endAddress);
 

src/Ryujinx.Memory/Tracking/AbstractRegion.cs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking
     /// <summary>
     /// A region of memory.
     /// </summary>
-    abstract class AbstractRegion : INonOverlappingRange
+    abstract class AbstractRegion<T> : INonOverlappingRange<T> where T : class, INonOverlappingRange<T>
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// Base address.
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking
         /// End address.
         /// </summary>
         public ulong EndAddress => Address + Size;
+        
+        public T Next { get; set; }
+        public T Previous { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Create a new region.
@@ -37,11 +40,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking
         /// Check if this range overlaps with another.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Base address</param>
-        /// <param name="size">Size of the range</param>
+        /// <param name="endAddress">End address</param>
         /// <returns>True if overlapping, false otherwise</returns>
-        public bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong size)
+        public bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong endAddress)
         {
-            return Address < address + size && address < EndAddress;
+            return Address < endAddress && address < EndAddress;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -68,6 +71,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="splitAddress">Address to split the region around</param>
         /// <returns>The second part of the split region, with start address at the given split.</returns>
-        public abstract INonOverlappingRange Split(ulong splitAddress);
+        public abstract INonOverlappingRange<T> Split(ulong splitAddress);
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Memory/Tracking/MemoryTracking.cs

@@ -81,10 +81,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking
                 {
                     NonOverlappingRangeList<VirtualRegion> regions = type == 0 ? _virtualRegions : _guestVirtualRegions;
                     regions.Lock.EnterReadLock();
-                    Span<RangeItem<VirtualRegion>> overlaps = regions.FindOverlapsAsSpan(va, size);
+                    ReadOnlySpan<VirtualRegion> overlaps = regions.FindOverlapsAsSpan(va, size);
                     for (int i = 0; i < overlaps.Length; i++)
                     {
-                        VirtualRegion region = overlaps[i].Value;
+                        VirtualRegion region = overlaps[i];
 
                         // If the region has been fully remapped, signal that it has been mapped again.
                         bool remapped = _memoryManager.IsRangeMapped(region.Address, region.Size);
@@ -117,11 +117,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking
                 {
                     NonOverlappingRangeList<VirtualRegion> regions = type == 0 ? _virtualRegions : _guestVirtualRegions;
                     regions.Lock.EnterReadLock();
-                    Span<RangeItem<VirtualRegion>> overlaps = regions.FindOverlapsAsSpan(va, size);
+                    ReadOnlySpan<VirtualRegion> overlaps = regions.FindOverlapsAsSpan(va, size);
                     
                     for (int i = 0; i < overlaps.Length; i++)
                     {
-                        overlaps[i].Value.SignalMappingChanged(false);
+                        overlaps[i].SignalMappingChanged(false);
                     }
                     regions.Lock.ExitReadLock();
                 }
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking
                 
                 // We use the non-span method here because keeping the lock will cause a deadlock.
                 regions.Lock.EnterReadLock();
-                RangeItem<VirtualRegion>[] overlaps = regions.FindOverlapsAsArray(address, size, out int length);
+                VirtualRegion[] overlaps = regions.FindOverlapsAsArray(address, size, out int length);
                 regions.Lock.ExitReadLock();
 
                 if (length == 0 && !precise)
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking
                     
                     for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
                     {
-                        VirtualRegion region = overlaps[i].Value;
+                        VirtualRegion region = overlaps[i];
 
                         if (precise)
                         {
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking
 
                     if (length != 0)
                     {
-                        ArrayPool<RangeItem<VirtualRegion>>.Shared.Return(overlaps);
+                        ArrayPool<VirtualRegion>.Shared.Return(overlaps);
                     }
                 }
             }

src/Ryujinx.Memory/Tracking/VirtualRegion.cs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking
     /// <summary>
     /// A region of virtual memory.
     /// </summary>
-    class VirtualRegion : AbstractRegion
+    class VirtualRegion : AbstractRegion<VirtualRegion>
     {
         public List<RegionHandle> Handles = [];
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking
             }
         }
 
-        public override INonOverlappingRange Split(ulong splitAddress)
+        public override INonOverlappingRange<VirtualRegion> Split(ulong splitAddress)
         {
             VirtualRegion newRegion = new(_tracking, splitAddress, EndAddress - splitAddress, Guest, _lastPermission);
             Size = splitAddress - Address;